{
  "data": {
    "id": "president",
    "key": "turkey-general-2023/president",
    "name": "President of the Republic (first round)",
    "body": "head-of-state",
    "seats": null,
    "seats_provisional": false,
    "polls_close_utc": "2023-05-14T14:00:00Z",
    "authority": {
      "id": "tr-ysk",
      "name": "Supreme Election Council",
      "name_local": "Yüksek Seçim Kurulu",
      "role": "electoral-commission",
      "homepage": "https://www.ysk.gov.tr/",
      "results_index": "https://sonuc.ysk.gov.tr/",
      "open_data": null
    },
    "status": "final-expected",
    "expected_stage_now": null,
    "observed": false,
    "final_observed": {
      "at": "2023-05-19T20:59:59Z",
      "source": "https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2023/05/20230519M1-1.pdf"
    },
    "final_expected": {
      "from": null,
      "by": "2023-05-28T20:59:59Z",
      "confidence": "precedent",
      "basis": "Polls closed at 17:00 local (UTC+3, no DST) = 14:00 UTC: Law 298 art. 89, voting 'saat sekizden on yediye kadar' (08:00-17:00); no change of hours by the YSK for this polling day was found. Voting abroad and at customs gates took place on earlier days and is included in the YSK's totals. Law 6271 art. 20(1): 'Cumhurbaşkanı seçiminin kesin sonuçları, Yüksek Seçim Kurulu tarafından Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Başkanlığı ile Cumhurbaşkanlığı Makamına bildirilir, kamuoyuna ilân edilir ve Resmî Gazetede yayımlanır'; the law sets no deadline. Window: end of day 14 (Sun 28 May 2023 local), after the 2018 precedent (YSK decision 952 of 4 Jul 2018, day 10; Resmî Gazete 30468 Mükerrer) and no later than the second round, which needs the first-round result. Actual: YSK decision 2023/1091, 'kesin sonuçlarının tespitine ... tespit ve ilânına' and item 3 'ilk oylamada adayların hiçbirinin geçerli oyların salt çoğunluğunu alamadığına', taken '19.05.2023 tarihinde oy birliği ile' and published in Resmî Gazete 32195 (Mükerrer) of 19 May 2023 (day 5). The decision gives a date only, no time: observedAt is the end of that day, 23:59:59 local (UTC+3) = 20:59:59 UTC. YSK decisions are final and cannot be appealed to any other body (Constitution art. 79), so there is no court-validation stage. No election-night stage is recorded: the provisional count on 15 May 2023 is known here only from press (NTV), not from a YSK document read for this record."
    },
    "last_final": null,
    "previous": null,
    "stages": [
      {
        "stage": "final-result",
        "from": null,
        "by": "2023-05-28T20:59:59Z",
        "replacedAt": null,
        "confidence": "precedent",
        "citation": "Polls closed at 17:00 local (UTC+3, no DST) = 14:00 UTC: Law 298 art. 89, voting 'saat sekizden on yediye kadar' (08:00-17:00); no change of hours by the YSK for this polling day was found. Voting abroad and at customs gates took place on earlier days and is included in the YSK's totals. Law 6271 art. 20(1): 'Cumhurbaşkanı seçiminin kesin sonuçları, Yüksek Seçim Kurulu tarafından Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Başkanlığı ile Cumhurbaşkanlığı Makamına bildirilir, kamuoyuna ilân edilir ve Resmî Gazetede yayımlanır'; the law sets no deadline. Window: end of day 14 (Sun 28 May 2023 local), after the 2018 precedent (YSK decision 952 of 4 Jul 2018, day 10; Resmî Gazete 30468 Mükerrer) and no later than the second round, which needs the first-round result. Actual: YSK decision 2023/1091, 'kesin sonuçlarının tespitine ... tespit ve ilânına' and item 3 'ilk oylamada adayların hiçbirinin geçerli oyların salt çoğunluğunu alamadığına', taken '19.05.2023 tarihinde oy birliği ile' and published in Resmî Gazete 32195 (Mükerrer) of 19 May 2023 (day 5). The decision gives a date only, no time: observedAt is the end of that day, 23:59:59 local (UTC+3) = 20:59:59 UTC. YSK decisions are final and cannot be appealed to any other body (Constitution art. 79), so there is no court-validation stage. No election-night stage is recorded: the provisional count on 15 May 2023 is known here only from press (NTV), not from a YSK document read for this record.",
        "source": null,
        "observedAt": "2023-05-19T20:59:59Z",
        "observedSource": "https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2023/05/20230519M1-1.pdf"
      }
    ],
    "sources": [
      {
        "url": "https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2023/05/20230519M1-1.pdf",
        "role": "results-final",
        "kind": "other",
        "kindReason": "election page without a results marker",
        "resolvable": false,
        "origin": "race",
        "note": "YSK decision 2023/1091 of 19 May 2023 on the final results of the 14 May 2023 presidential election (first round), Resmî Gazete 32195 (Mükerrer), 19 May 2023, 7 pp.: decision text and tables CM/2 (domestic), CM/3 (abroad), CM/4 (customs gates) and CM/5 (Turkey-wide total). Scanned images; read from page images.",
        "check": {
          "status": 200,
          "state": "ok",
          "at": "2026-10-26T05:17:46Z"
        },
        "figures_in_html": null,
        "oracle_reads": null,
        "not_resolvable_because": null
      },
      {
        "url": "https://www.ysk.gov.tr/tr/karar/liste",
        "role": "results-final",
        "kind": "other",
        "kindReason": "no election or results marker",
        "resolvable": false,
        "origin": "race",
        "note": "YSK decision archive (Karar Arşivi), where the Council's decisions, including the final-result decisions cited here, are listed. ysk.gov.tr refused direct TLS connections on 3 Oct 2026; the gazette PDF above is the copy read.",
        "check": {
          "status": 525,
          "state": "unreachable",
          "at": "2026-10-26T05:17:46Z"
        },
        "figures_in_html": null,
        "oracle_reads": null,
        "not_resolvable_because": null
      },
      {
        "url": "https://sonuc.ysk.gov.tr/",
        "role": "results-live",
        "kind": "emb_home",
        "kindReason": "site root: cannot answer a results question",
        "resolvable": false,
        "origin": "race",
        "note": "YSK 'Sandık Sonuçları ve Tutanaklar' service: ballot-box results and tally sheets for all elections, rendered by script. Box-level counts, not the YSK's final decision.",
        "check": {
          "status": 525,
          "state": "unreachable",
          "at": "2026-10-26T05:17:46Z"
        },
        "figures_in_html": null,
        "oracle_reads": null,
        "not_resolvable_because": null
      },
      {
        "url": "https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=298&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=4",
        "role": "timetable",
        "kind": "other",
        "kindReason": "no election or results marker",
        "resolvable": false,
        "origin": "race",
        "note": "Law 298 on the Basic Provisions of Elections and Voter Registers: art. 89 (voting 08:00-17:00), art. 130 (objections).",
        "check": {
          "status": 200,
          "state": "ok",
          "at": "2026-10-26T05:17:46Z"
        },
        "figures_in_html": null,
        "oracle_reads": null,
        "not_resolvable_because": null
      },
      {
        "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Turkish_presidential_election",
        "role": "see-also",
        "kind": "other",
        "kindReason": "election page without a results marker",
        "resolvable": false,
        "origin": "race",
        "check": {
          "status": 200,
          "state": "ok",
          "at": "2026-10-26T05:17:46Z"
        },
        "figures_in_html": null,
        "oracle_reads": null,
        "not_resolvable_because": null
      },
      {
        "url": "https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=6271&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5",
        "role": "timetable",
        "kind": "other",
        "kindReason": "no election or results marker",
        "resolvable": false,
        "origin": "race",
        "note": "Law 6271 on Presidential Elections: art. 4 (absolute majority, second round on the second Sunday after the first), art. 20 (final results announced by the YSK and published in the Resmî Gazete).",
        "check": {
          "status": 200,
          "state": "ok",
          "at": "2026-10-26T05:17:46Z"
        },
        "figures_in_html": null,
        "oracle_reads": null,
        "not_resolvable_because": null
      },
      {
        "url": "https://www.ysk.gov.tr/",
        "role": "authority-home",
        "kind": "emb_home",
        "kindReason": "site root: cannot answer a results question",
        "resolvable": false,
        "origin": "authority",
        "check": {
          "status": 525,
          "state": "unreachable",
          "at": "2026-10-26T05:17:46Z"
        },
        "figures_in_html": null,
        "oracle_reads": null,
        "not_resolvable_because": null
      }
    ],
    "results_page": {
      "url": "https://electionindex.org/election/turkey-general-2023/president",
      "role": "secondary",
      "stage": "final-result",
      "final": true,
      "published_at": "2023-05-19",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-03T12:00:00Z",
      "copied_from": "https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2023/05/20230519M1-1.pdf",
      "publisher": "Yüksek Seçim Kurulu (decision 2023/1091, Resmî Gazete 32195 Mükerrer)",
      "note": "Global Election Index's copy of the count. The authority's own page (resolution_sources) is the primary source; use this when it cannot be read."
    },
    "page_activity": [],
    "government": null,
    "results": [
      {
        "stage": "final-result",
        "published_at": "2023-05-19",
        "retrieved_at": "2026-10-03T12:00:00Z",
        "source": "https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2023/05/20230519M1-1.pdf",
        "publisher": "Yüksek Seçim Kurulu (decision 2023/1091, Resmî Gazete 32195 Mükerrer)",
        "licence": "Official publication of the Yüksek Seçim Kurulu (YSK decision in the Resmî Gazete); no reuse terms stated",
        "total_votes": 54796049,
        "electorate": 64145504,
        "ballots": 55833153,
        "turnout": 87.04,
        "note": "Table CM/5 'Yurt içi, yurt dışı ve gümrük sandıkları dahil Cumhurbaşkanı seçim sonucu' (Turkey-wide total incl. abroad and customs gates): registered 64,145,504; voters 55,833,153; valid 54,796,049; invalid 1,037,104; turnout 87.04%. Shares: Erdoğan 49.52%, Kılıçdaroğlu 44.88%, Oğan 5.17%, İnce 0.43%. All 4 candidates listed (the table prints names in capitals, in ballot order İnce second; rows here are by votes). Checked twice: rows add up to the valid votes, and the domestic (CM/2: 52,972,934), abroad (CM/3: 1,676,268) and customs (CM/4: 146,847) columns add up to each candidate's total. 'winner' marks the most votes only: no candidate won an absolute majority, so nobody was elected in this round (decision item 3); Erdoğan and Kılıçdaroğlu went to the second round of 28 May 2023 (turkey-presidential-2023-r2). The table gives no party for the candidates. Licence: the counts are the YSK's own decision as printed in the Resmî Gazete, the official gazette (resmigazete.gov.tr, issued by the Presidency's Directorate General of Law and Legislation). Neither site states reuse terms for this content: resmigazete.gov.tr carries only the footer '© 2026 Tüm Hakları Saklıdır. Gizlilik, Kullanım ve Telif Hakları bildiriminde belirtilen kurallar çerçevesinde hizmet sunulmaktadır', but that notice is not linked or reachable (3 Oct 2026: /gizlilik, /telif-haklari, /kullanim-ve-telif-haklari etc. all return the home page); ysk.gov.tr carries 'Her Hakkı Saklıdır © 2019' with no terms page (read via r.jina.ai; direct TLS connection refused). Law 5846 on Intellectual and Artistic Works art. 31: 'Resmen yayımlanan veya ilan olunan kanun, Cumhurbaşkanlığı kararnamesi, yönetmelik, tebliğ, genelge ve kazai kararların çoğaltılması, yayılması, işlenmesi veya her hangi bir suretle bunlardan faydalanma serbesttir' (mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.3.5846.pdf).",
        "rows": [
          {
            "candidate": "Recep Tayyip Erdoğan",
            "ballot_name": null,
            "party": null,
            "party_id": null,
            "colour": null,
            "votes": 27133849,
            "share": 49.52,
            "seats": null,
            "winner": true
          },
          {
            "candidate": "Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu",
            "ballot_name": null,
            "party": null,
            "party_id": null,
            "colour": null,
            "votes": 24595178,
            "share": 44.88,
            "seats": null,
            "winner": false
          },
          {
            "candidate": "Sinan Oğan",
            "ballot_name": null,
            "party": null,
            "party_id": null,
            "colour": null,
            "votes": 2831239,
            "share": 5.17,
            "seats": null,
            "winner": false
          },
          {
            "candidate": "Muharrem İnce",
            "ballot_name": null,
            "party": null,
            "party_id": null,
            "colour": null,
            "votes": 235783,
            "share": 0.43,
            "seats": null,
            "winner": false
          }
        ]
      }
    ],
    "live_count": null,
    "url": "https://electionindex.org/election/turkey-general-2023#president"
  },
  "meta": {
    "dataset_version": "2026-10-26.74f9bab4",
    "built_at": "2026-10-26T08:01:24Z",
    "generated_at": "2026-10-26T18:56:57.198Z",
    "licence": "CC BY 4.0: credit \"Global Election Index (electionindex.org)\" and link to https://electionindex.org",
    "docs": "https://electionindex.org/docs"
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}