{ "data": { "id": "philippines-general-2028", "country": "PH", "country_name": "Philippines", "level": "national", "subdivision": null, "subdivision_name": null, "date": "2028-05-08", "date_status": "tentative", "kind": "general", "conditional": null, "timezone": "Asia/Manila", "status": "scheduled", "last_verified_at": "2026-10-02T12:00:00Z", "stale": false, "stale_reason": null, "provenance": { "from": "researcher agent 2026-10-02: 1987 Constitution arts. VI-VII, RA 7166, RA 9369, Omnibus Election Code s.190, 2010 PET Rules (lawphil.net); comelec.gov.ph: 2028 NLE resolutions incl. SETS terms of reference (Minute Res. 26-0720), 2025 calendar (Res. 10999), 2025 early voting hours page, 2022 Report to the President and the Congress, 2022 NBOC results and advisories; Philstar and SunStar on 2025 proclamations", "licence": "CC BY 4.0 (Election Index)" }, "url": "https://electionindex.org/election/philippines-general-2028", "races": [ { "id": "president", "key": "philippines-general-2028/president", "name": "President", "body": "head-of-state", "seats": 1, "seats_provisional": false, "polls_close_utc": "2028-05-08T11:00:00Z", "authority": { "id": "ph-comelec", "name": "Commission on Elections", "name_local": null, "role": "electoral-commission", "homepage": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/", "results_index": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/?r=ListElectedCandidates", "open_data": null }, "status": "scheduled", "expected_stage_now": null, "observed": false, "final_observed": null, "final_expected": { "from": "2028-05-14T16:00:00Z", "by": "2028-06-30T03:59:59Z", "confidence": "precedent", "basis": "Canvassed and proclaimed by Congress, not COMELEC. Constitution art. VII s.4: provincial and city certificates of canvass go to Congress, addressed to the Senate President, who 'shall, not later than thirty days after the day of the election' (by Wed 7 Jun 2028) open them before both Houses in joint public session; Congress canvasses and proclaims the person with the most votes (RA 9369 s.23; RA 7166 s.30 as amended). There is no deadline for the proclamation itself; the hard backstop is the start of the term at noon on 30 Jun 2028 (art. VII s.4; art. VII s.7 covers a President-elect not yet chosen). 2022 precedent: Congress proclaimed the President and Vice-President on 25 May 2022, day 16, the last day of the national tally (COMELEC Report to the President and the Congress on the 2022 NLE, chs. 3 and 7). The window opens at an ESTIMATED floor of 15 May 2028 PHT (day 7) and closes, erring late, just before noon PHT on 30 Jun 2028. The results website count before this is unofficial. Contests go to the Supreme Court en banc as Presidential Electoral Tribunal (art. VII s.4): an election protest within thirty days after the proclamation, quo warranto within ten days (2010 PET Rules, Rules 15-16). That is a contest procedure with no deadline for a decision, not a confirmation step, so no court-validation stage is modelled." }, "last_final": null, "previous": null, "stages": [ { "stage": "election-night", "from": "2028-05-08T11:00:00Z", "by": "2028-05-09T15:59:59Z", "replacedAt": null, "confidence": "precedent", "citation": "Unofficial count. From the close (est. 19:00 PHT, 11:00 UTC) the automated counting machines count each precinct and transmit electronically to the boards of canvassers, the central server, the COMELEC results website (hosted at DICT), and the transparency servers for the majority/minority parties, citizens' arms and media (RA 9369 ss.19-21; 2028 SETS terms of reference: transmission 'shall be completed within 2 hours after closing of polls'). 2022 precedent (COMELEC Report to the President and the Congress, chs. 2 and 5): 75% of results transmitted by 22:00, 84% five hours after the close and 98% a day after. The window closes at the end of Tuesday 9 May 2028 PHT, the day after the vote. This is the transmitted precinct count, not the canvassed, proclaimed result.", "source": null, "observedAt": null, "observedSource": null }, { "stage": "final-result", "from": "2028-05-14T16:00:00Z", "by": "2028-06-30T03:59:59Z", "replacedAt": null, "confidence": "precedent", "citation": "Canvassed and proclaimed by Congress, not COMELEC. Constitution art. VII s.4: provincial and city certificates of canvass go to Congress, addressed to the Senate President, who 'shall, not later than thirty days after the day of the election' (by Wed 7 Jun 2028) open them before both Houses in joint public session; Congress canvasses and proclaims the person with the most votes (RA 9369 s.23; RA 7166 s.30 as amended). There is no deadline for the proclamation itself; the hard backstop is the start of the term at noon on 30 Jun 2028 (art. VII s.4; art. VII s.7 covers a President-elect not yet chosen). 2022 precedent: Congress proclaimed the President and Vice-President on 25 May 2022, day 16, the last day of the national tally (COMELEC Report to the President and the Congress on the 2022 NLE, chs. 3 and 7). The window opens at an ESTIMATED floor of 15 May 2028 PHT (day 7) and closes, erring late, just before noon PHT on 30 Jun 2028. The results website count before this is unofficial. Contests go to the Supreme Court en banc as Presidential Electoral Tribunal (art. VII s.4): an election protest within thirty days after the proclamation, quo warranto within ten days (2010 PET Rules, Rules 15-16). That is a contest procedure with no deadline for a decision, not a confirmation step, so no court-validation stage is modelled.", "source": null, "observedAt": null, "observedSource": null } ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/?r=2028NLE", "role": "results-live", "kind": "emb_home", "kindReason": "site root: cannot answer a results question", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "COMELEC's section for the 2028 National and Local Elections (checked 2 Oct 2026: resolutions only, no results). No address for the 2028 results website is published yet; do not guess it. 2022 used https://2022electionresults.comelec.gov.ph/ (answers 200, an AngularJS app); 2025 apparently used 2025electionresults.comelec.gov.ph (403 from here, not verified). The results website shows the unofficial transmitted precinct count, not the canvass.", "check": null }, { "url": "https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1987.html", "role": "timetable", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "1987 Constitution (Arellano Law Foundation text; the Official Gazette copy was behind a bot check on 2 Oct 2026): art. VI ss.2, 4, 7, 8, 17; art. VII ss.4, 7.", "check": null }, { "url": "https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7166_1991.html", "role": "timetable", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "RA 7166 (Synchronized National and Local Elections Act): s.2 (date of elections), s.4 (postponement and failure of election), s.30 (Congress as national board of canvassers, as amended by RA 9369 s.37). Polling day derived from law, not yet set by a COMELEC calendar resolution: Constitution art. VII s.4 ('Unless otherwise provided by law, the regular election for President and Vice-President shall be held on the second Monday of May') and art. VI s.8 (same for Senators and Representatives); RA 7166 s.2 (President and Vice-President every six years from the second Monday of May 1992; Senators, Representatives and local officials every three years, 'only twelve (12)' Senators). 1992 + 6x6 = 2028; 1 May 2028 is a Monday, so the second Monday is 8 May 2028. COMELEC's own 2028 procurement documents already use that day (SETS terms of reference, Minute Resolution No. 26-0720 of 21 Aug 2026: 'eDay, or Election Day, refers to 08 May 2028'). There are no snap elections under this presidential system, but the date stands 'unless otherwise provided by law', so Congress could move it by statute; COMELEC may also postpone or declare a failure of election in particular areas (RA 7166 s.4, Omnibus Election Code ss.5-6). Tentative until COMELEC promulgates its calendar of activities (2025 equivalent: Resolution No. 10999, 24 May 2024).", "check": null }, { "url": "https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2007/ra_9369_2007.html", "role": "timetable", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "RA 9369 (Automated Election Law, amending RA 8436): s.20 (electronic transmission of certificates of canvass to COMELEC as national board of canvassers for Senators and party-list, and to Congress for President and Vice-President), s.22 (COMELEC en banc as national board of canvassers proclaims Senators and party-list representatives), s.23 (Congress in joint public session as national board of canvassers for President and Vice-President).", "check": null }, { "url": "https://lawphil.net/statutes/bataspam/bp1985/bp_881_1985.html", "role": "timetable", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "Omnibus Election Code (BP 881) s.190: voting hours 07:00-15:00 unless COMELEC provides otherwise; voters within thirty meters at closing may still vote. Polls close at 19:00 PHT (UTC+8, no daylight saving) = 11:00 UTC: an ESTIMATE from precedent, since COMELEC sets the hours for 2028 in resolutions not yet issued. The Omnibus Election Code s.190 still reads 07:00-15:00, with voters within thirty meters of the polling place at closing allowed to vote; COMELEC has extended this by resolution: 2022 voting 'was scheduled from 6:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m.' (COMELEC Report to the President and the Congress on the 2022 NLE, ch. 5), and 2025 polls ran to 7:00 PM, with early voting hours 05:00-07:00 for senior citizens, PWDs and pregnant voters (comelec.gov.ph ?r=2025NLE/2025_STEVH). Overseas voting ends at the close of polls Philippine time (2025 calendar, Resolution No. 10999).", "check": null }, { "url": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/php-tpls-attachments/2028NLE/Resolutions/MR_26_0720_SETS_TOR.pdf", "role": "timetable", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "COMELEC Minute Resolution No. 26-0720 (21 Aug 2026), terms of reference for Secure Electronic Transmission Services for the 2028 NLE: election day '08 May 2028'; results transmitted to the central server, the Election Results Website at DICT and transparency servers; transmission to be completed within 2 hours after the close of polls.", "check": null }, { "url": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/?r=2025NLE/Resolutions/res10999", "role": "timetable", "kind": "emb_home", "kindReason": "site root: cannot answer a results question", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "2025 precedent, not this election: COMELEC Resolution No. 10999 (24 May 2024), calendar for the 12 May 2025 NLE: 'Canvass results and proclaim winners for senatorial, congressional, party-list, parliamentary, and provincial elections' 13-19 May 2025. The 2028 calendar is not yet promulgated.", "check": null }, { "url": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/php-tpls-attachments/2022NLE/ReportToThePresidentAndCongress/09262024_ReportToThePresidentAndCongress.pdf", "role": "timetable", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "2022 precedent, not this election: COMELEC Report to the President and the Congress on the 9 May 2022 NLE (posted 26 Sep 2024): transmission speed, senators proclaimed 18 May 2022, President and Vice-President proclaimed by Congress in joint session on 25 May 2022.", "check": null }, { "url": "https://lawphil.net/courts/supreme/am/am_10-4-29-sc_2010.html", "role": "timetable", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "2010 Rules of the Presidential Electoral Tribunal (A.M. No. 10-4-29-SC): Rule 15, election protest within thirty days after proclamation; Rule 16, quo warranto within ten days.", "check": null }, { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_Philippine_presidential_election", "role": "see-also", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "check": null }, { "url": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/?r=ListElectedCandidates", "role": "results-index", "kind": "emb_home", "kindReason": "site root: cannot answer a results question", "resolvable": false, "origin": "authority", "check": null }, { "url": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/", "role": "authority-home", "kind": "emb_home", "kindReason": "site root: cannot answer a results question", "resolvable": false, "origin": "authority", "check": null } ], "page_activity": [], "government": null, "results": [], "live_count": null, "url": "https://electionindex.org/election/philippines-general-2028#president" }, { "id": "vice-president", "key": "philippines-general-2028/vice-president", "name": "Vice President", "body": "head-of-state", "seats": 1, "seats_provisional": false, "polls_close_utc": "2028-05-08T11:00:00Z", "authority": { "id": "ph-comelec", "name": "Commission on Elections", "name_local": null, "role": "electoral-commission", "homepage": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/", "results_index": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/?r=ListElectedCandidates", "open_data": null }, "status": "scheduled", "expected_stage_now": null, "observed": false, "final_observed": null, "final_expected": { "from": "2028-05-14T16:00:00Z", "by": "2028-06-30T03:59:59Z", "confidence": "precedent", "basis": "Elected separately from the President on the same ballot (art. VII s.3) and canvassed in the same joint session of Congress. Constitution art. VII s.4: provincial and city certificates of canvass go to Congress, addressed to the Senate President, who 'shall, not later than thirty days after the day of the election' (by Wed 7 Jun 2028) open them before both Houses in joint public session; Congress canvasses and proclaims the person with the most votes (RA 9369 s.23; RA 7166 s.30 as amended). There is no deadline for the proclamation itself; the hard backstop is the start of the term at noon on 30 Jun 2028 (art. VII s.4; art. VII s.7 covers a President-elect not yet chosen). 2022 precedent: Congress proclaimed the President and Vice-President on 25 May 2022, day 16, the last day of the national tally (COMELEC Report to the President and the Congress on the 2022 NLE, chs. 3 and 7). The window opens at an ESTIMATED floor of 15 May 2028 PHT (day 7) and closes, erring late, just before noon PHT on 30 Jun 2028. The results website count before this is unofficial. Contests go to the Supreme Court en banc as Presidential Electoral Tribunal (art. VII s.4): an election protest within thirty days after the proclamation, quo warranto within ten days (2010 PET Rules, Rules 15-16). That is a contest procedure with no deadline for a decision, not a confirmation step, so no court-validation stage is modelled." }, "last_final": null, "previous": null, "stages": [ { "stage": "election-night", "from": "2028-05-08T11:00:00Z", "by": "2028-05-09T15:59:59Z", "replacedAt": null, "confidence": "precedent", "citation": "Unofficial count. From the close (est. 19:00 PHT, 11:00 UTC) the automated counting machines count each precinct and transmit electronically to the boards of canvassers, the central server, the COMELEC results website (hosted at DICT), and the transparency servers for the majority/minority parties, citizens' arms and media (RA 9369 ss.19-21; 2028 SETS terms of reference: transmission 'shall be completed within 2 hours after closing of polls'). 2022 precedent (COMELEC Report to the President and the Congress, chs. 2 and 5): 75% of results transmitted by 22:00, 84% five hours after the close and 98% a day after. The window closes at the end of Tuesday 9 May 2028 PHT, the day after the vote. This is the transmitted precinct count, not the canvassed, proclaimed result.", "source": null, "observedAt": null, "observedSource": null }, { "stage": "final-result", "from": "2028-05-14T16:00:00Z", "by": "2028-06-30T03:59:59Z", "replacedAt": null, "confidence": "precedent", "citation": "Elected separately from the President on the same ballot (art. VII s.3) and canvassed in the same joint session of Congress. Constitution art. VII s.4: provincial and city certificates of canvass go to Congress, addressed to the Senate President, who 'shall, not later than thirty days after the day of the election' (by Wed 7 Jun 2028) open them before both Houses in joint public session; Congress canvasses and proclaims the person with the most votes (RA 9369 s.23; RA 7166 s.30 as amended). There is no deadline for the proclamation itself; the hard backstop is the start of the term at noon on 30 Jun 2028 (art. VII s.4; art. VII s.7 covers a President-elect not yet chosen). 2022 precedent: Congress proclaimed the President and Vice-President on 25 May 2022, day 16, the last day of the national tally (COMELEC Report to the President and the Congress on the 2022 NLE, chs. 3 and 7). The window opens at an ESTIMATED floor of 15 May 2028 PHT (day 7) and closes, erring late, just before noon PHT on 30 Jun 2028. The results website count before this is unofficial. Contests go to the Supreme Court en banc as Presidential Electoral Tribunal (art. VII s.4): an election protest within thirty days after the proclamation, quo warranto within ten days (2010 PET Rules, Rules 15-16). That is a contest procedure with no deadline for a decision, not a confirmation step, so no court-validation stage is modelled.", "source": null, "observedAt": null, "observedSource": null } ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/?r=2028NLE", "role": "results-live", "kind": "emb_home", "kindReason": "site root: cannot answer a results question", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "COMELEC's section for the 2028 National and Local Elections (checked 2 Oct 2026: resolutions only, no results). No address for the 2028 results website is published yet; do not guess it. 2022 used https://2022electionresults.comelec.gov.ph/ (answers 200, an AngularJS app); 2025 apparently used 2025electionresults.comelec.gov.ph (403 from here, not verified). The results website shows the unofficial transmitted precinct count, not the canvass.", "check": null }, { "url": "https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1987.html", "role": "timetable", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "1987 Constitution (Arellano Law Foundation text; the Official Gazette copy was behind a bot check on 2 Oct 2026): art. VI ss.2, 4, 7, 8, 17; art. VII ss.4, 7.", "check": null }, { "url": "https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7166_1991.html", "role": "timetable", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "RA 7166 (Synchronized National and Local Elections Act): s.2 (date of elections), s.4 (postponement and failure of election), s.30 (Congress as national board of canvassers, as amended by RA 9369 s.37). Polling day derived from law, not yet set by a COMELEC calendar resolution: Constitution art. VII s.4 ('Unless otherwise provided by law, the regular election for President and Vice-President shall be held on the second Monday of May') and art. VI s.8 (same for Senators and Representatives); RA 7166 s.2 (President and Vice-President every six years from the second Monday of May 1992; Senators, Representatives and local officials every three years, 'only twelve (12)' Senators). 1992 + 6x6 = 2028; 1 May 2028 is a Monday, so the second Monday is 8 May 2028. COMELEC's own 2028 procurement documents already use that day (SETS terms of reference, Minute Resolution No. 26-0720 of 21 Aug 2026: 'eDay, or Election Day, refers to 08 May 2028'). There are no snap elections under this presidential system, but the date stands 'unless otherwise provided by law', so Congress could move it by statute; COMELEC may also postpone or declare a failure of election in particular areas (RA 7166 s.4, Omnibus Election Code ss.5-6). Tentative until COMELEC promulgates its calendar of activities (2025 equivalent: Resolution No. 10999, 24 May 2024).", "check": null }, { "url": "https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2007/ra_9369_2007.html", "role": "timetable", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "RA 9369 (Automated Election Law, amending RA 8436): s.20 (electronic transmission of certificates of canvass to COMELEC as national board of canvassers for Senators and party-list, and to Congress for President and Vice-President), s.22 (COMELEC en banc as national board of canvassers proclaims Senators and party-list representatives), s.23 (Congress in joint public session as national board of canvassers for President and Vice-President).", "check": null }, { "url": "https://lawphil.net/statutes/bataspam/bp1985/bp_881_1985.html", "role": "timetable", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "Omnibus Election Code (BP 881) s.190: voting hours 07:00-15:00 unless COMELEC provides otherwise; voters within thirty meters at closing may still vote. Polls close at 19:00 PHT (UTC+8, no daylight saving) = 11:00 UTC: an ESTIMATE from precedent, since COMELEC sets the hours for 2028 in resolutions not yet issued. The Omnibus Election Code s.190 still reads 07:00-15:00, with voters within thirty meters of the polling place at closing allowed to vote; COMELEC has extended this by resolution: 2022 voting 'was scheduled from 6:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m.' (COMELEC Report to the President and the Congress on the 2022 NLE, ch. 5), and 2025 polls ran to 7:00 PM, with early voting hours 05:00-07:00 for senior citizens, PWDs and pregnant voters (comelec.gov.ph ?r=2025NLE/2025_STEVH). Overseas voting ends at the close of polls Philippine time (2025 calendar, Resolution No. 10999).", "check": null }, { "url": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/php-tpls-attachments/2028NLE/Resolutions/MR_26_0720_SETS_TOR.pdf", "role": "timetable", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "COMELEC Minute Resolution No. 26-0720 (21 Aug 2026), terms of reference for Secure Electronic Transmission Services for the 2028 NLE: election day '08 May 2028'; results transmitted to the central server, the Election Results Website at DICT and transparency servers; transmission to be completed within 2 hours after the close of polls.", "check": null }, { "url": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/?r=2025NLE/Resolutions/res10999", "role": "timetable", "kind": "emb_home", "kindReason": "site root: cannot answer a results question", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "2025 precedent, not this election: COMELEC Resolution No. 10999 (24 May 2024), calendar for the 12 May 2025 NLE: 'Canvass results and proclaim winners for senatorial, congressional, party-list, parliamentary, and provincial elections' 13-19 May 2025. The 2028 calendar is not yet promulgated.", "check": null }, { "url": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/php-tpls-attachments/2022NLE/ReportToThePresidentAndCongress/09262024_ReportToThePresidentAndCongress.pdf", "role": "timetable", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "2022 precedent, not this election: COMELEC Report to the President and the Congress on the 9 May 2022 NLE (posted 26 Sep 2024): transmission speed, senators proclaimed 18 May 2022, President and Vice-President proclaimed by Congress in joint session on 25 May 2022.", "check": null }, { "url": "https://lawphil.net/courts/supreme/am/am_10-4-29-sc_2010.html", "role": "timetable", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "2010 Rules of the Presidential Electoral Tribunal (A.M. No. 10-4-29-SC): Rule 15, election protest within thirty days after proclamation; Rule 16, quo warranto within ten days.", "check": null }, { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_Philippine_vice_presidential_election", "role": "see-also", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "check": null }, { "url": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/?r=ListElectedCandidates", "role": "results-index", "kind": "emb_home", "kindReason": "site root: cannot answer a results question", "resolvable": false, "origin": "authority", "check": null }, { "url": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/", "role": "authority-home", "kind": "emb_home", "kindReason": "site root: cannot answer a results question", "resolvable": false, "origin": "authority", "check": null } ], "page_activity": [], "government": null, "results": [], "live_count": null, "url": "https://electionindex.org/election/philippines-general-2028#vice-president" }, { "id": "senate", "key": "philippines-general-2028/senate", "name": "Senate (12 of 24 seats)", "body": "legislature-upper", "seats": 12, "seats_provisional": false, "polls_close_utc": "2028-05-08T11:00:00Z", "authority": { "id": "ph-comelec", "name": "Commission on Elections", "name_local": null, "role": "electoral-commission", "homepage": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/", "results_index": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/?r=ListElectedCandidates", "open_data": null }, "status": "scheduled", "expected_stage_now": null, "observed": false, "final_observed": null, "final_expected": { "from": "2028-05-11T16:00:00Z", "by": "2028-05-24T15:59:59Z", "confidence": "precedent", "basis": "COMELEC sitting en banc as the National Board of Canvassers (NBOC) consolidates the electronically transmitted certificates of canvass and 'shall proclaim the winning candidates for senators' (RA 9369 s.22). No statutory deadline. 2025 calendar (Resolution No. 10999): canvass and proclamation of senatorial winners 13-19 May 2025 (days 1-7). Precedent: 2022 senators proclaimed 18 May 2022, day 9 (COMELEC Report to the President and the Congress on the 2022 NLE, ch. 5); 2025 NBOC finished the canvass on 15 May and the proclamation was set for Sat 17 May 2025, day 5 (press: Philstar 15 May 2025, SunStar; not yet checked on comelec.gov.ph). The window opens at an ESTIMATED floor of 12 May 2028 PHT (day 4) and closes, erring late, at the end of 24 May 2028 PHT (day 16), a week past the slower precedent. The NBOC can proclaim in batches when a seat is held up by a pending case. Contests go to the Senate Electoral Tribunal (Constitution art. VI s.17), with no confirmation step, so no court-validation stage. Term begins at noon on 30 Jun 2028 (art. VI s.4)." }, "last_final": null, "previous": null, "stages": [ { "stage": "election-night", "from": "2028-05-08T11:00:00Z", "by": "2028-05-09T15:59:59Z", "replacedAt": null, "confidence": "precedent", "citation": "Unofficial count. From the close (est. 19:00 PHT, 11:00 UTC) the automated counting machines count each precinct and transmit electronically to the boards of canvassers, the central server, the COMELEC results website (hosted at DICT), and the transparency servers for the majority/minority parties, citizens' arms and media (RA 9369 ss.19-21; 2028 SETS terms of reference: transmission 'shall be completed within 2 hours after closing of polls'). 2022 precedent (COMELEC Report to the President and the Congress, chs. 2 and 5): 75% of results transmitted by 22:00, 84% five hours after the close and 98% a day after. The window closes at the end of Tuesday 9 May 2028 PHT, the day after the vote. This is the transmitted precinct count, not the canvassed, proclaimed result.", "source": null, "observedAt": null, "observedSource": null }, { "stage": "final-result", "from": "2028-05-11T16:00:00Z", "by": "2028-05-24T15:59:59Z", "replacedAt": null, "confidence": "precedent", "citation": "COMELEC sitting en banc as the National Board of Canvassers (NBOC) consolidates the electronically transmitted certificates of canvass and 'shall proclaim the winning candidates for senators' (RA 9369 s.22). No statutory deadline. 2025 calendar (Resolution No. 10999): canvass and proclamation of senatorial winners 13-19 May 2025 (days 1-7). Precedent: 2022 senators proclaimed 18 May 2022, day 9 (COMELEC Report to the President and the Congress on the 2022 NLE, ch. 5); 2025 NBOC finished the canvass on 15 May and the proclamation was set for Sat 17 May 2025, day 5 (press: Philstar 15 May 2025, SunStar; not yet checked on comelec.gov.ph). The window opens at an ESTIMATED floor of 12 May 2028 PHT (day 4) and closes, erring late, at the end of 24 May 2028 PHT (day 16), a week past the slower precedent. The NBOC can proclaim in batches when a seat is held up by a pending case. Contests go to the Senate Electoral Tribunal (Constitution art. VI s.17), with no confirmation step, so no court-validation stage. Term begins at noon on 30 Jun 2028 (art. VI s.4).", "source": null, "observedAt": null, "observedSource": null } ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/?r=2028NLE", "role": "results-live", "kind": "emb_home", "kindReason": "site root: cannot answer a results question", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "COMELEC's section for the 2028 National and Local Elections (checked 2 Oct 2026: resolutions only, no results). No address for the 2028 results website is published yet; do not guess it. 2022 used https://2022electionresults.comelec.gov.ph/ (answers 200, an AngularJS app); 2025 apparently used 2025electionresults.comelec.gov.ph (403 from here, not verified). The results website shows the unofficial transmitted precinct count, not the canvass.", "check": null }, { "url": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/?r=2022NLE/ElectionResults_/SenatorialSummaryStatementofVotes", "role": "results-final", "kind": "emb_home", "kindReason": "site root: cannot answer a results question", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "2022 precedent, not this election: the NBOC's Senatorial Summary Statement of Votes (posted 27 May 2022) in COMELEC's 2022 Election Results section. The 2028 equivalent will sit under ?r=2028NLE once published; its address is not known yet.", "check": null }, { "url": "https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1987.html", "role": "timetable", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "1987 Constitution (Arellano Law Foundation text; the Official Gazette copy was behind a bot check on 2 Oct 2026): art. VI ss.2, 4, 7, 8, 17; art. VII ss.4, 7.", "check": null }, { "url": "https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7166_1991.html", "role": "timetable", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "RA 7166 (Synchronized National and Local Elections Act): s.2 (date of elections), s.4 (postponement and failure of election), s.30 (Congress as national board of canvassers, as amended by RA 9369 s.37). Polling day derived from law, not yet set by a COMELEC calendar resolution: Constitution art. VII s.4 ('Unless otherwise provided by law, the regular election for President and Vice-President shall be held on the second Monday of May') and art. VI s.8 (same for Senators and Representatives); RA 7166 s.2 (President and Vice-President every six years from the second Monday of May 1992; Senators, Representatives and local officials every three years, 'only twelve (12)' Senators). 1992 + 6x6 = 2028; 1 May 2028 is a Monday, so the second Monday is 8 May 2028. COMELEC's own 2028 procurement documents already use that day (SETS terms of reference, Minute Resolution No. 26-0720 of 21 Aug 2026: 'eDay, or Election Day, refers to 08 May 2028'). There are no snap elections under this presidential system, but the date stands 'unless otherwise provided by law', so Congress could move it by statute; COMELEC may also postpone or declare a failure of election in particular areas (RA 7166 s.4, Omnibus Election Code ss.5-6). Tentative until COMELEC promulgates its calendar of activities (2025 equivalent: Resolution No. 10999, 24 May 2024).", "check": null }, { "url": "https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2007/ra_9369_2007.html", "role": "timetable", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "RA 9369 (Automated Election Law, amending RA 8436): s.20 (electronic transmission of certificates of canvass to COMELEC as national board of canvassers for Senators and party-list, and to Congress for President and Vice-President), s.22 (COMELEC en banc as national board of canvassers proclaims Senators and party-list representatives), s.23 (Congress in joint public session as national board of canvassers for President and Vice-President).", "check": null }, { "url": "https://lawphil.net/statutes/bataspam/bp1985/bp_881_1985.html", "role": "timetable", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "Omnibus Election Code (BP 881) s.190: voting hours 07:00-15:00 unless COMELEC provides otherwise; voters within thirty meters at closing may still vote. Polls close at 19:00 PHT (UTC+8, no daylight saving) = 11:00 UTC: an ESTIMATE from precedent, since COMELEC sets the hours for 2028 in resolutions not yet issued. The Omnibus Election Code s.190 still reads 07:00-15:00, with voters within thirty meters of the polling place at closing allowed to vote; COMELEC has extended this by resolution: 2022 voting 'was scheduled from 6:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m.' (COMELEC Report to the President and the Congress on the 2022 NLE, ch. 5), and 2025 polls ran to 7:00 PM, with early voting hours 05:00-07:00 for senior citizens, PWDs and pregnant voters (comelec.gov.ph ?r=2025NLE/2025_STEVH). Overseas voting ends at the close of polls Philippine time (2025 calendar, Resolution No. 10999).", "check": null }, { "url": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/php-tpls-attachments/2028NLE/Resolutions/MR_26_0720_SETS_TOR.pdf", "role": "timetable", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "COMELEC Minute Resolution No. 26-0720 (21 Aug 2026), terms of reference for Secure Electronic Transmission Services for the 2028 NLE: election day '08 May 2028'; results transmitted to the central server, the Election Results Website at DICT and transparency servers; transmission to be completed within 2 hours after the close of polls.", "check": null }, { "url": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/?r=2025NLE/Resolutions/res10999", "role": "timetable", "kind": "emb_home", "kindReason": "site root: cannot answer a results question", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "2025 precedent, not this election: COMELEC Resolution No. 10999 (24 May 2024), calendar for the 12 May 2025 NLE: 'Canvass results and proclaim winners for senatorial, congressional, party-list, parliamentary, and provincial elections' 13-19 May 2025. The 2028 calendar is not yet promulgated.", "check": null }, { "url": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/php-tpls-attachments/2022NLE/ReportToThePresidentAndCongress/09262024_ReportToThePresidentAndCongress.pdf", "role": "timetable", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "2022 precedent, not this election: COMELEC Report to the President and the Congress on the 9 May 2022 NLE (posted 26 Sep 2024): transmission speed, senators proclaimed 18 May 2022, President and Vice-President proclaimed by Congress in joint session on 25 May 2022.", "check": null }, { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2028_Philippine_Senate_election", "role": "see-also", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "check": null }, { "url": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/?r=ListElectedCandidates", "role": "results-index", "kind": "emb_home", "kindReason": "site root: cannot answer a results question", "resolvable": false, "origin": "authority", "check": null }, { "url": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/", "role": "authority-home", "kind": "emb_home", "kindReason": "site root: cannot answer a results question", "resolvable": false, "origin": "authority", "check": null } ], "page_activity": [], "government": null, "results": [], "live_count": null, "url": "https://electionindex.org/election/philippines-general-2028#senate" }, { "id": "house", "key": "philippines-general-2028/house", "name": "House of Representatives", "body": "legislature-lower", "seats": null, "seats_provisional": false, "polls_close_utc": "2028-05-08T11:00:00Z", "authority": { "id": "ph-comelec", "name": "Commission on Elections", "name_local": null, "role": "electoral-commission", "homepage": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/", "results_index": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/?r=ListElectedCandidates", "open_data": null }, "status": "scheduled", "expected_stage_now": null, "observed": false, "final_observed": null, "final_expected": { "from": "2028-05-08T16:00:00Z", "by": "2028-05-31T15:59:59Z", "confidence": "precedent", "basis": "Two counts close this race. District seats: each city, district or provincial board of canvassers proclaims its own Representative after consolidating the transmitted precinct results (RA 9369 s.20); there is no national proclamation of district seats. Party-list seats: COMELEC en banc as NBOC canvasses and 'shall proclaim the winning ... party-list representatives' (RA 9369 s.22). 2025 calendar (Resolution No. 10999): canvass and proclaim congressional and party-list winners 13-19 May 2025. Precedent: 2022 party-list groups proclaimed 26 May 2022, day 17, after the NBOC reconvened on 25 May (COMELEC advisories of 23 and 25 May 2022); 2025: 52 groups proclaimed 19 May 2025, day 7, with two groups (four seats) deferred over pending cases (press: Philstar 19 May 2025). The window opens on 9 May 2028 PHT, when the first district proclamations can come, and closes, erring late, at the end of 31 May 2028 PHT (day 23), six days past the 2022 party-list precedent. Seats held up by pending cases can stay unproclaimed after it. Contests go to the House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal (Constitution art. VI s.17), with no confirmation step, so no court-validation stage. Term begins at noon on 30 Jun 2028 (art. VI s.7)." }, "last_final": null, "previous": null, "stages": [ { "stage": "election-night", "from": "2028-05-08T11:00:00Z", "by": "2028-05-09T15:59:59Z", "replacedAt": null, "confidence": "precedent", "citation": "Unofficial count. From the close (est. 19:00 PHT, 11:00 UTC) the automated counting machines count each precinct and transmit electronically to the boards of canvassers, the central server, the COMELEC results website (hosted at DICT), and the transparency servers for the majority/minority parties, citizens' arms and media (RA 9369 ss.19-21; 2028 SETS terms of reference: transmission 'shall be completed within 2 hours after closing of polls'). 2022 precedent (COMELEC Report to the President and the Congress, chs. 2 and 5): 75% of results transmitted by 22:00, 84% five hours after the close and 98% a day after. The window closes at the end of Tuesday 9 May 2028 PHT, the day after the vote. This is the transmitted precinct count, not the canvassed, proclaimed result.", "source": null, "observedAt": null, "observedSource": null }, { "stage": "final-result", "from": "2028-05-08T16:00:00Z", "by": "2028-05-31T15:59:59Z", "replacedAt": null, "confidence": "precedent", "citation": "Two counts close this race. District seats: each city, district or provincial board of canvassers proclaims its own Representative after consolidating the transmitted precinct results (RA 9369 s.20); there is no national proclamation of district seats. Party-list seats: COMELEC en banc as NBOC canvasses and 'shall proclaim the winning ... party-list representatives' (RA 9369 s.22). 2025 calendar (Resolution No. 10999): canvass and proclaim congressional and party-list winners 13-19 May 2025. Precedent: 2022 party-list groups proclaimed 26 May 2022, day 17, after the NBOC reconvened on 25 May (COMELEC advisories of 23 and 25 May 2022); 2025: 52 groups proclaimed 19 May 2025, day 7, with two groups (four seats) deferred over pending cases (press: Philstar 19 May 2025). The window opens on 9 May 2028 PHT, when the first district proclamations can come, and closes, erring late, at the end of 31 May 2028 PHT (day 23), six days past the 2022 party-list precedent. Seats held up by pending cases can stay unproclaimed after it. Contests go to the House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal (Constitution art. VI s.17), with no confirmation step, so no court-validation stage. Term begins at noon on 30 Jun 2028 (art. VI s.7).", "source": null, "observedAt": null, "observedSource": null } ], "sources": [ { "url": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/?r=2028NLE", "role": "results-live", "kind": "emb_home", "kindReason": "site root: cannot answer a results question", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "COMELEC's section for the 2028 National and Local Elections (checked 2 Oct 2026: resolutions only, no results). No address for the 2028 results website is published yet; do not guess it. 2022 used https://2022electionresults.comelec.gov.ph/ (answers 200, an AngularJS app); 2025 apparently used 2025electionresults.comelec.gov.ph (403 from here, not verified). The results website shows the unofficial transmitted precinct count, not the canvass.", "check": null }, { "url": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/?r=ListElectedCandidates", "role": "results-final", "kind": "emb_home", "kindReason": "site root: cannot answer a results question", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "COMELEC's official List of Elected Candidates (House of Representatives, provincial, city/municipal), 2001-2022 (checked 2 Oct 2026); an index, not a page for this election. Party-list results come from the NBOC (2022: ?r=2022NLE/ElectionResults_/PartyListSummaryStatementofVotes). Seat count left out on purpose: the Constitution (art. VI s.5) sets party-list seats at 20% of the total, and Congress can create districts before 2028. 2025 sources disagree (Philstar 19 May 2025: 63 party-list seats; Wikipedia: 254 districts + 64 party-list).", "check": null }, { "url": "https://lawphil.net/consti/cons1987.html", "role": "timetable", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "1987 Constitution (Arellano Law Foundation text; the Official Gazette copy was behind a bot check on 2 Oct 2026): art. VI ss.2, 4, 7, 8, 17; art. VII ss.4, 7.", "check": null }, { "url": "https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1991/ra_7166_1991.html", "role": "timetable", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "RA 7166 (Synchronized National and Local Elections Act): s.2 (date of elections), s.4 (postponement and failure of election), s.30 (Congress as national board of canvassers, as amended by RA 9369 s.37). Polling day derived from law, not yet set by a COMELEC calendar resolution: Constitution art. VII s.4 ('Unless otherwise provided by law, the regular election for President and Vice-President shall be held on the second Monday of May') and art. VI s.8 (same for Senators and Representatives); RA 7166 s.2 (President and Vice-President every six years from the second Monday of May 1992; Senators, Representatives and local officials every three years, 'only twelve (12)' Senators). 1992 + 6x6 = 2028; 1 May 2028 is a Monday, so the second Monday is 8 May 2028. COMELEC's own 2028 procurement documents already use that day (SETS terms of reference, Minute Resolution No. 26-0720 of 21 Aug 2026: 'eDay, or Election Day, refers to 08 May 2028'). There are no snap elections under this presidential system, but the date stands 'unless otherwise provided by law', so Congress could move it by statute; COMELEC may also postpone or declare a failure of election in particular areas (RA 7166 s.4, Omnibus Election Code ss.5-6). Tentative until COMELEC promulgates its calendar of activities (2025 equivalent: Resolution No. 10999, 24 May 2024).", "check": null }, { "url": "https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2007/ra_9369_2007.html", "role": "timetable", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "RA 9369 (Automated Election Law, amending RA 8436): s.20 (electronic transmission of certificates of canvass to COMELEC as national board of canvassers for Senators and party-list, and to Congress for President and Vice-President), s.22 (COMELEC en banc as national board of canvassers proclaims Senators and party-list representatives), s.23 (Congress in joint public session as national board of canvassers for President and Vice-President).", "check": null }, { "url": "https://lawphil.net/statutes/bataspam/bp1985/bp_881_1985.html", "role": "timetable", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "Omnibus Election Code (BP 881) s.190: voting hours 07:00-15:00 unless COMELEC provides otherwise; voters within thirty meters at closing may still vote. Polls close at 19:00 PHT (UTC+8, no daylight saving) = 11:00 UTC: an ESTIMATE from precedent, since COMELEC sets the hours for 2028 in resolutions not yet issued. The Omnibus Election Code s.190 still reads 07:00-15:00, with voters within thirty meters of the polling place at closing allowed to vote; COMELEC has extended this by resolution: 2022 voting 'was scheduled from 6:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m.' (COMELEC Report to the President and the Congress on the 2022 NLE, ch. 5), and 2025 polls ran to 7:00 PM, with early voting hours 05:00-07:00 for senior citizens, PWDs and pregnant voters (comelec.gov.ph ?r=2025NLE/2025_STEVH). Overseas voting ends at the close of polls Philippine time (2025 calendar, Resolution No. 10999).", "check": null }, { "url": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/php-tpls-attachments/2028NLE/Resolutions/MR_26_0720_SETS_TOR.pdf", "role": "timetable", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "COMELEC Minute Resolution No. 26-0720 (21 Aug 2026), terms of reference for Secure Electronic Transmission Services for the 2028 NLE: election day '08 May 2028'; results transmitted to the central server, the Election Results Website at DICT and transparency servers; transmission to be completed within 2 hours after the close of polls.", "check": null }, { "url": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/?r=2025NLE/Resolutions/res10999", "role": "timetable", "kind": "emb_home", "kindReason": "site root: cannot answer a results question", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "2025 precedent, not this election: COMELEC Resolution No. 10999 (24 May 2024), calendar for the 12 May 2025 NLE: 'Canvass results and proclaim winners for senatorial, congressional, party-list, parliamentary, and provincial elections' 13-19 May 2025. The 2028 calendar is not yet promulgated.", "check": null }, { "url": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/php-tpls-attachments/2022NLE/ReportToThePresidentAndCongress/09262024_ReportToThePresidentAndCongress.pdf", "role": "timetable", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "2022 precedent, not this election: COMELEC Report to the President and the Congress on the 9 May 2022 NLE (posted 26 Sep 2024): transmission speed, senators proclaimed 18 May 2022, President and Vice-President proclaimed by Congress in joint session on 25 May 2022.", "check": null }, { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections", "role": "see-also", "kind": "other", "kindReason": "election page without a results marker", "resolvable": false, "origin": "race", "note": "No English Wikipedia article for the 2028 House election yet (checked 2 Oct 2026); the 2025 article is the last instance.", "check": null }, { "url": "https://www.comelec.gov.ph/", "role": "authority-home", "kind": "emb_home", "kindReason": "site root: cannot answer a results question", "resolvable": false, "origin": "authority", "check": null } ], "page_activity": [], "government": null, "results": [], "live_count": null, "url": "https://electionindex.org/election/philippines-general-2028#house" } ] }, "meta": { "dataset_version": "2026-10-02.be7d6f40", "built_at": "2026-10-02T15:42:24Z", "generated_at": "2026-10-02T18:13:13.011Z", "licence": "CC BY 4.0: credit \"Global Election Index (electionindex.org)\" and link to https://electionindex.org", "docs": "https://electionindex.org/docs" } }